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Editor's Note: This article has been updated with statements from the IC Club and the Exister Society.

Harvard’s historically all-female social groups appear to be no more.

The Pleiades Society, the IC Club, and La Vie Club — the last three women-only final clubs left standing — have agreed to eventually admit people of all genders and have applied for recognition from Harvard’s Dean of Students Office, according to an email obtained by The Crimson. College recognition, which demands gender-neutral membership practices, ensures exemption from Harvard’s social group sanctions. 

The sanctions, which took effect with the Class of 2021, bar members of single-gender final clubs and Greek organizations from holding campus leadership positions, varsity team athletic captaincies, and from receiving the College’s endorsement for prestigious fellowships.

“We have made a firm commitment to never require a member to choose between achieving their individual aspirations and being part of the IC community,” members of the club wrote in a post on their website. 

The three groups’ decisions come just days after Harvard’s last remaining sorority, Alpha Phi, announced it planned to disaffiliate from its national organization and form a co-ed club called “The Ivy.” 

Ten women’s groups — four sororities and six female final clubs — have now taken steps to comply with the College’s controversial social group policy. Of Harvard’s 13 all-male groups, at least four have done so.

Former University President Drew G. Faust's debut of the penalties in May 2016 at first drew strident protests from many female social groups. Some club leaders vowed publicly that their organizations would never change. 

A little more than two years and three months after Faust’s announcement, no established women’s groups are left to welcome the Class of 2022 to campus.

‘PATHS OF INCREASED INCLUSION’

The IC declared it plans to go co-ed earlier this month. Its announcement may also mark the beginning of the end for the longstanding all-male membership policies of the Owl Club.

Members of the IC wrote on their website that they plan to use the next year to “explore paths of increased inclusion” in the coming year. One such path, the club said, could involve partnering with the all-male Owl Club. 

To further that goal, the two groups have embarked on an experimental alliance.

“The Owl Club and the IC Corporation have a strong history of integration and collaboration dating back to 2008 when the organizations first began to share physical space, meal services, and host joint social events,” leaders of both clubs wrote in a joint statement. “The Owl Club Inc. and the IC Corporation have now committed to a formal and interim extension of their partnership.”

Related: [Harvard's last sorority disappears as Alpha Phi buckles to College pressure]

The Owl and the IC will spend the upcoming school year plotting and executing undefined “opportunities for increased cooperation,” according to the statement. 

After publication of this article, the IC updated its website to specify that it will enact no "major changes" to its recruitment or day-to-day operations during the 2018-2019 academic year. Alterations to its membership policies will instead take effect in the 2019-2020 academic year, according to the updated post. 

The Owl did not respond to requests for comment.

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Their partnership somewhat resembles a similarly vague bond forged about a year ago between the historically all-female Bee Club and the historically all-male Delphic Club. Those two clubs in August 2017 agreed to share membership and a clubhouse, marking the first union of male and female clubs since administrators revealed the sanctions.

The Pleiades Society and La Vie Club have not publicly acknowledged they agreed to go gender-neutral and applied for College recognition. Leaders of both groups did not respond on the record to requests for comment.

The IC plans to seek “Interim Recognition,” according to its website. That level of recognition is the lowest of the three tiers that social groups can earn under a system Harvard debuted late last semester. 

Groups receiving interim recognition do not have to go co-ed right away, but must demonstrate a commitment to adopting gender-neutral membership practices in future. Their only reward is freedom from the social group penalties, though groups in higher tiers can expect financial support.

Related: [Bee and Delphic clubs vow to share membership, clubhouse]

In total, 14 of Harvard’s social groups have now applied for recognition, according to Associate Dean of Student Engagement Alexander R. Miller. 

He declined to name the groups.

NOT ‘MALE VERSUS FEMALE’

While at least four historically all-male groups have knuckled under and promised to go co-ed, the vast majority of the others remain defiant. 

“The Fly’s unchanging, overriding concern is the autonomy of the organization. That supersedes any other consideration,” said Richard T. Porteus Jr. ’78, the graduate president of the all-male Fly Club. “The bottom line is, the Fly will fight to preserve its autonomy.”

“We are not seeking recognition at any time under any terms,” he added.

Sigma Alpha Epsilon Vice President Brenden T. Rodriquez ’20 wrote in an email that the fraternity has “not gone co-ed nor applied for recognition and [has] no plans to do so at this time.”

Other all-male groups did not respond to requests for comment.

Rather than submit to administrators’ will, three of the most storied all-male final clubs — the A.D. Club, the Porcellian Club, and the Fly — recently joined with three campus fraternities to battle the sanctions at the federal level. The groups, who call themselves “the Cambridge Coalition,” are lobbying Congress to pass legislation that could force Harvard to choose between the sanctions and millions of dollars of federal research funding.

Related: [Some Harvard social groups are fighting the sanctions on Capitol Hill]

Porteus said he believes the female groups’ decision to obey the sanctions stems from their relative youth, which translates to fewer resources and smaller alumni networks. Most men’s clubs are at least one century old; women’s groups, by contrast, began arriving in Cambridge in the late 1990s or early 2000s.

“I don’t think it has anything to do with male versus female,” he said. “I think it has everything to do with the age and resources of the particular organization.”

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Regardless of motive, the large number of single-gender groups that have now gone co-ed signals a victory for proponents of the policy, including their most visible champion Dean of the College Rakesh Khurana. Khurana — backed by Faust and the Harvard Corporation — has remained steadfastly committed to the sanctions despite facing significant opposition from some students, alumni, and donors.

Still, Khurana and other administrators confront a new hurdle as the fall 2018 semester begins: enforcement.

It remains unclear how Harvard officials plan to determine whether students have disobeyed the policy. Administrators have insisted in interviews with The Crimson that they will not actively seek out violators. They have also promised they will not solicit or act on anonymous complaints.

Related: [Social groups' grad boards could pose obstacle to avoiding sanctions]

An anonymous system is “not what we are, in our community,” Dean of Students Katherine G. O’Dair said in a March 2018 interview.

No one — not O’Dair, nor Assistant Dean of Student Life Alexander R. Miller, nor Khurana — has answered questions asking what Harvard plans to do instead.

‘THE SHAME OF THIS POLICY’

The disappearance of all-female social groups at Harvard prompted outrage from some Greek life advocates.

Carole Jones, chairman of the National Panhellenic Conference, an umbrella organization for Greek organizations, sharply criticized the dissolution of Harvard’s sororities. 

“All of those chapters are now closed as a direct result of a policy and an administration that used its power to intimidate women and discourage them from gathering with other women to share friendship and support,” she wrote in an email. “The shame of this policy is that what the university touted as providing a safer environment for women has ultimately caused the elimination of spaces where many women felt the most safe.”

Related: [Delta Gamma is first social group to close in response to sanctions]

Gentry McCreary, a consultant at the NCherm Group, which provides legal and consulting assistance to college and universities on Greek life issues, warned of another potential consequence. He said the sanctions may force some single-gender groups to go underground and operate in secret, leading to reduced oversight of the groups and increased risks for students.

“The unintended consequences of these types of actions could be severe and create a much more dangerous environment for students,” he said.

The social group penalties appear to have led to the formation of at least one new, low-profile social group. Several students founded a new final club called the Exister Society — nicknamed the “X” — in fall 2017. At the time of its founding, it was all-female, the group's president Eliza Alston '19 previously told The Crimson. 

The X has so far demonstrated a desire to fly under the radar compatible with its name; it appears to barely exist. For months, the club remained the stuff of dining hall rumors. Its establishment was never publicly announced and it has not sought to openly recruit students. 

In response to a question asking whether the group had gone co-ed or applied for College recognition, Alston wrote in an email that the X was not formed as a single-gender group, but as a "women's empowerment group." 

"We do not discriminate based on gender when accepting members," Alston wrote. "The X consists of confident, hard-working, empowered students, and we will not force our future members to choose between holding a leadership role on campus and being a member of our society."

Alston said X members "welcome the opportunity" to work with administrators in the coming months to ensure that the X complies fully with the sanctions.

Related: [A Harvard committee suggested banning social groups and claimed majority support for the idea. That wasn't true]

Miller wrote in an emailed statement that administrators, too, “look forward” to collaborating with social organizations across the College to promote “an inclusive social life” in Cambridge.

“These applications represent a cross section of male, female and multi-gender groups, as well as fraternities, sororities and final clubs,” he wrote. “We are thrilled to have received so many applications, and excited to begin working with all of these groups.”

In an email to students Wednesday, O’Dair said the College hopes to share with students “a list of the recognized social organizations by early September.”

— Staff writer Michael E. Xie contributed reporting.

— Staff writer Shera S. Avi-Yonah can be reached at shera.avi-yonah@thecrimson.com. Follow her on Twitter at @saviyonah.

— Staff writer Jonah S. Berger can be reached at jonah.berger@thecrimson.com. Follow him on Twitter @jonahberger98.

— Staff writer Caroline S. Engelmayer can be reached at caroline.engelmayer@thecrimson.com. Follow her on Twitter @cengelmayer13.