The total number of confirmed mumps cases at Harvard has risen to 16, and now nearby Tufts University and Boston University are starting to see their own cases of the virus.

Harvard’s total number of confirmed cases has risen three from the most recent figure, according to a report from the Cambridge Public Health Commission. Furthermore, students from multiple athletic teams are in self-isolation for “presumed cases of mumps” according to Harvard University Health Services Director Paul J. Barreira.

{shortcode-8c637ebb559e0876bf4764bbfa96c679cb50a6a1}While Harvard first confirmed the presence of mumps on campus three weeks ago, the virus has since spread to other colleges in the area, with two confirmed cases at Tufts and three at Boston University.

There have been 30 total cases of mumps in Massachusetts since January 1, according to state officials.

Anita M. Barry, the director of the Infectious Disease Bureau in the Boston Public Health Commission said that though the Commission had vague theories about how the virus could have spread, transmission was generally difficult to trace.

“When you start to interview cases and you try to get them to backtrack 25 days from when they first noticed the onset of swelling in their face... it’s hard to do,” Barry said. “For the most part, we have not been able to identify one-on-one spread.”

Tufts spokesperson Patrick Collins wrote in an email that Tufts health officials have isolated the students with mumps. BU spokesperson Colin D. Riley said one of the cases was confirmed before the school’s spring break, and two during or after break.

As other schools begin to deal with their own cases of mumps, Harvard is working to isolate and house its infected students.

The Harvard Inn has been used to house quarantined students, and residents of the Inn expressed concern that they were not notified beforehand. Dudley House Assistant Dean Christopher M. Gilbert sent a recent email to residents giving them the option of moving into upperclassman Houses “to help provide extra space at the Inn for Harvard College students who may need emergency housing this term.”

Gilbert said the students who move would be contributing to “the College’s proactive response to mumps.”

“This is not, however, the direct result of new cases,” Gilbert wrote in an email. “Instead, The College wants to ensure we are well-prepared to respond appropriately in the future depending on how the situation unfolds.”

Gilbert’s original email to residents noted the plan would not be put in action until respondents indicated enough interest. Rachel Francklyn ’17, a visiting student living in the Inn, said she had mixed feelings about the option to move.

“On the one hand it would be kind of nice to get the Harvard House experience,” Francklyn said. “But this late in the semester, it honestly just seems like a bit of a hassle.”

Mumps appears to be spreading at Harvard and among the Boston area student population, and Barry said her office is working with colleges to make sure students are appropriately quarantined. Barreira also said Harvard has been coordinating with other local schools, as well as with the Massachusetts Department of Public Health and the Cambridge Public Health Department.

Mumps is transmitted through salivary exchange, or respiratory droplets, fairly large particles that exit people’s mouths and noses when they shout, cough, or forcefully expel air in some other way.

The roots of the mumps outbreak are still uncertain to Barry despite her office’s investigation. Still, she said a likely source of Harvard’s strain of mumps could be from St. Anselm college in New Hampshire—which had two confirmed cases of mumps this February—due to potential interaction between sports teams.

Many students who contracted the virus at Harvard had already been vaccinated against the disease, but Barry said the vaccine is fully effective just 88 percent of the time.

“The schools in Boston, and frankly most of the colleges, universities, and other schools in our area are very good about making sure that people who require those immunizations have had them,” Barry said. “The most likely explanation is that there were some people in whom the vaccine did not induce a protective response as we would have liked.”

Barry said the dense population of a college campus makes it easier for mumps to spread, so geographic separation over the summer would slow transmission.

—Staff writer Menaka V. Narayanan can be reached at menaka.narayanan@thecrimson.com. Follow her on Twitter @mnarayanan97.