Considered by many as the greatest living mathematical astronomer, Chandrasekhar developed the theory of the dwarf star that explains the final stages of stellar evolution. Born in Lahore, India, in 1910, he became a U.S. citizen in 1953. His other research has included work in the dynamics of stellar systems, theory of stellar atmospheres, radiative transfer, hydrodynamics and hydromagnetic relativity. From 1952 to 1971, he acted as managing editor of Astrophysical Journal. Chandrasekhar received the 1966 National Medal of Science for his contribution to the study of cosmic dynamics. His books include Principles of Stellar Dynamics (1942) and Radioactive Transfer (1950). He is now Hull Distinguished Service Professor at the University of Chicago.

Chandrasekhar's inscription reads: A theorist of genius whose writing and teaching have broadly influenced fundamental fields of astrophysics.

Cousteau's documentary films on the sea have introduced the wonders of marine life to people around the world. A marine explorer, international environmentalist, writer and filmmaker, his films have extolled the mysteries of nature's dynamics and warned against the potentially disastrous consequences of human carelessness toward life-sustaining biological systems. He co-invented the aqualung in 1943, and pioneered submarine color photography, shooting the first pictures of the sea's twilight. His films have brought awards from Cannes, Paris, Venice and Hollywood. His works include the series "The Undersea World G. Jacques Cousteau," and books The Silent World (1953), and The Living Sea (1962).

Cousteau's inscription: In untapped depths, he continually unveils fresh scientific marvels. Through print and film, millions share the beauty of his underwater world.

President Bok this morning conferred honorary degrees on:

Sir Isaiah Berlin, philosopher and historian, Doctor of Laws;

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, astrophysicist, Doctor of Science;

Richard Ammi Cutter '22, former associate justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, Doctor of Laws;

Jacques Yves Cousteau, marine explorer and filmmaker, Doctor of Science;

Milton Friedman, Nobel-Prize-winning economist, Doctor of Laws;

Bora Laskin, chief justice of the Canadian Supreme Court, Doctor of Laws;

Barbara McClintock, geneticist, Doctor of Science;

Williard Van Orman Quine, philosopher, Doctor of Laws;

Sir Georg Solti, conductor, Doctor of Music;

Helmut Schmidt, chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, Doctor of Laws; and

Desmond Mpilo Tutu, General Secretary of the South Africa Council of Churches, Doctor of Laws.