Other test data that describe self-evaluation and self-activity are worth noting, although they depend on significant differences in only the 1964 sample. The psychiatric group was lower on the Self-Acceptance Scale and higher on the Anxiety Scale. There was also an interesting difference on the Expected Control Scale of the FIRO. This test is designed to measure factors in interpersonal relationships or interpersonal needs. Expected control assesses the extent to which the individual anticipates he can and will exert control over others. To that extent, a low score represents some feeling of a lack of effectiveness in dealing with others.

This study confirms the findings from studies in other colleges that there is a negative association between religious preference and church attendance and the use of psychiatric services. Studies by Davie at Yale, Boyce and Barnes at the University of Western Ontario, and Scheff at the University of Wisconsin showed that students were more likely to seek psychiatric help if they were unaffiliated or were in the "other" category. In our study, Roman Catholic students were less likely than other groups to use the Psychiatric Service. Also, regular church attendance, as reported at the University of Wisconsin and Harvard, is associated with less frequent use of the psychiatric facilities.

These findings can lead to a number of hypothese about the role that religion plays in the handling of personal problems. (1) Religious students who have problems are more likely to turn to members of the clergy for help rather than to the Psychiatric Service. If this is true, it is possible that more religious students would belikely to come to the Psychiatric Service only when they have more severe emotional disorders. (2) Religious participation affords a sense of belongingness and direction that sustains an individual in the face of crises, both the developmental crises of adolescence and the accidental crises in everyday events. Again, the effect might be that religious students would come to the Psychiatric Service only when they cannot handle severe problems. (3) Religious students have a resistance to admitting emotional illness. This might occur because they more frequently use denial as a defense against anxiety.

These hypotheses need investigation. Data in the Harvard Student Study will enable us to pursue some of them, but studies need to be carried out concurrently in other settings.

The present study also confirms the positive association between psychological and physical disorder. The data presented here are from much the same as those reported at Yale, at the University of Western Ontario, and by Kelvin, Lucas, and Ojha at University College, London. One can interpret these data as indicative of the general health preoccupation in many neurotic and phychotic disorders and as illustrative of the essential psychobiologic unity of the organism. There is also the implication that many students who seek psychiatric help may already have been seen in the medical or surgical clinics, and some signs of their psychic distress may have been evident at that time. Many people apparently find it easier to go to the general physician rather than the psychiatrist. The results do indicate the value of close collaboration between the psychiatrist and the internist and surgeon, both before and after psychotherapy has begun.

One theme that appears in two other studies is that of dissatisfaction and depression. A study at Oxford by by Davidson and Hutt found that psychiatric patients had a significantly higher score than controls on the Depression Scale of the MMPI. Like the Harvard Study, that from Yale found dissatisfaction to be much more lent among the psychiatric patient. We might not be surprised to find some depression early in college because of the mourning involved in the break from home. Also we might expect some depression due to loss in self-esteem when students meet stiff competition at college. Yet these depressions should be transient, from a situational and development point of view. That they are transient is a hypothesis that should be test by following students, like those the present project, into adult life and determining whether or not adjustment mechanisms and symptom change.

Closely related to the depression theme is one of withdrawal. Data from Yale, the University of Western Ontario, and Harvard show lack of friends, nonparticipation in activities, or living apart from college facilities are more frequent in the psychiatric group. Withdrawal and aloneness could be associated with depression, with suspiciousness, or with low self-esteem and low feelings of competency. For whatever reason, those who are uneasy about dealing with people are more likely to need psychological help.

Finally, the findings to this point in the Harvard Student Study are not clear about the meaning of noncon-S-