He capitalized on this right and now publishes, from Boston instead of Cambridge, the Student Outline series--Hy-Marx. In 1948, a survey of Square best-sellers found that Segel's Student Outlines headed the list. A headline in the CRIMSON read: "`C'-Hungry Students Push Hy-Marx to Top of Student Best-Seller List."

William G. Perry, Jr., Director of the Bureau or Study Counsel, then referred to Hy-Marx as the "bibles of the get-by student." Segel attributed the boom to "high quality and usefulness. We capitalize on the exam-craze of these `get-by' students and give the `Gentlemen C' boys just what they want."

A number of University officials, questioned on the legality of the Hy-Marx editions, denied that they violated copyright laws, or the common-law copyright of lectures.

Segel continues to turn out his capsules of condensed knowledge and ship them across the Charles. At present, 103 titles are in print, most of which are handled by Phillips Brooks and the Coop. For an investment of $.75 to $3.00, the student can secure a bottled version of nearly any subject from History and Philosophy to Literature and Economics.

Shortly after Hurvitz and Segel closed their cram parlors, the publishing companies began proceeding against the Fairfax School for violation of copyright. With seven separate suits on his hands, filed by Macmillan, Harper, Holt, and others, Marcus Horblit '10 found it expedient to close his Fairfax bureau. Horblit, following Hurvitz and Segel, admitted to the illegality of his outlines, and agreed to destroy his notes and close down.

A class record states that Horblit, who died in 1944, "devoted his life to tutoring," particularly in the field of preparation for College Board exams. Before his death he published "Horblit's Key to College Entrance Examinations."

Two parlors remained, Wolff's and Parker-Cramer. University Hall dealt them the death blow on May 22, 1940. The Faculty of Arts and Sciences announced that any student using commercial tutoring would be liable to disciplinary action.

On the day that the ruling was issued, Harold A. Wolff '29 closed his office, and decided to become an "educational counselor--and adviser to students who have done their work, but who cannot grasp the course material."

Wolff had become something of a legend, like the Widow Nolen, a quarter of a century before him. A magna graduate in Anthropology, he employed 21 assistants in his high-pressure parlor and tutored up to 500 students.

Irving Burton, in the American Mercury, called Wolff ". . . a legend in himself. A bulky, six-foot, gangling, stoop-shouldered eccentric, he delights in walking about Cambridge with his pet chimpanzee and asserts that he can tutor anyone possessing the brain of his ape through college."

After he left Cambridge, Wolff worked for a short time with the Office of War Information. Now he is writing, and has contributed to Collier's, Coronet, Pageant, and New Republic.

New Career

In his class record, Wolff writes: "It is with mixed emotions that I report that Harvard is now free of prostitution--intellectual, I mean. In case you didn't know it, around University Hall they still remember '29 as the class that spawned the notorious keeper of Harvard's `intellectual whorehouse' . . . It took the war to get me out of the `Square', and to bring an end to my shameless battle for better instruction and better guidance facilities in the College. If anyone cares any more, I can report from the perspective of time and distance that Harvard is still far behind other schools in these areas. . . . In any case, quitting the battle of Harvard Square has meant starting a new career. . . . I find myself peddling a story to an editor who turned out to be Class of '45 and who has the power of bread and butter over my last manuscript."

After the University issued its edict a CRIMSON photographer learned that it had not driven all of the parlors out of business. He snapped a picture of seven students in an illegal cram session at Parker-Cramer and retreated with a tutor close behind him. When the picture was printed, Cramer filed suit against eleven editors for $55,000, on the grounds of trespass and libel. The case was settled out of court for $75.

The reign of the intellectual brothels ended when Parker-Cramer closed. Lester Cramer '30, a Phi Beta Kappa student, noted in his class record that he had "Abandoned tutoring before it abandoned me."