In the largest ever private donation to fight tuberculosis, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation last week awarded a five-year, $44.7 million grant to a Harvard Medical School program that will use the funds to battle multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Peru.

"What the foundation has done has really shaken up the entire public health world," said Instructor in Medicine Jim Y. Kim, the principal investigator for the grant. "Even a year ago no one would say we have to think about MDR-TB all over the world...but the Gates Foundation is taking [it] on."

A treatment for tuberculosis, the number one infectious killer in the world, was found in the 1940s, but the disease continues to spread, especially in developing countries. HIV has made the problem worse, as those infected with the HIV virus are far more likely to contract tuberculosis.

And in recent years, a bigger problem has begun to loom. Improper use of tuberculosis medications has led to the creation of the MDR-TB strains, which are resistant to cocktails of even four or five drugs. Currently 11 percent of all tuberculosis cases are resistant to at least one drug.

Until now, few funds and support have gone to treat MDR-TB because some have argued that it is too expensive or too difficult to treat and that it is more important to focus on regular tuberculosis.

But according to Kim and other noted public health experts, MDR-TB is a rising threat that must be addressed before it is too late.

"It's very important to treat MDR-TB in other parts of the world because ultimately we need to prevent the further spread of MDR-TB into the United States," said a spokesperson for the Center for Disease Control's Division of TB Elimination.

The Plan