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Egyptians are not yet self-reliant soldiers.

III. Egypt is less likely to be the cause of international dispute if it remains under British control.- (a) France only among the European Powers objects to British control: Spectator, Feb. 29, 1896.- (b) France will not go to war with England to oust her from her present control: Spectator, Feb. 29. (c) In case England gave up her control, anarchy would fall upon Egypt. (Proved above.)-(1) A clash would inevitably follow between England and France. (Ibid.)

IV. No satisfactory substitute has been proposed for the control of England.

Brief for the Negative.C. E. BRYAN and L. T. HILDRETH.

Best general references: D. Mackenzie Wallace, Egypt and the Egyptian Question; the Quarterly Review, London, 1883; Hon. Fred. C. Penfield, Contemporary Egypt; N. A. Review, July, 1895; Hon. Sir W. T. Marriott, The Situation in Egypt; The Fortnightly Review, April, 1895; Alfred Milner, England in Egypt; Quarterly Review, Art. XI.; J. Eliot Bowen, Conflict in Egypt, Pol. Science Quarterly I, 295 (June 1886); Contemp. Review, 67, 390 (March, 1895); Calvo-International Law I, 266 et seq.

I. English intervention in Egypt was induced by purely selfish motives.- (a) England was jealous of growing power of Egypt over Constantinople and Turkey.- (1) Egypt under Mehemet Ali had become consolidated: J. E. Bowen in Pol. Sci. Quar. (June, 1886).- (2) Egypt had conquered Syria and Arabia. (3) Had broken loose from Turkey.- (4) Had received a hereditary sovereignty of her own from the Porte: Ibid.- (5) In these gains Egypt was favored by Russia.- (b) England insured to prevent construction of, and gain control over, the Suez Canal: Ibid.- (c) England wanted railroads through Egypt.

II. English occupation of Egypt was unnecessary.- (a) Egypt was making wonderful advances-(1) In government: J. E. Bowen, in Fol. SciQuar. (June, 1896).- (2) In public works: Ibid.- (3) in education.- (x) Just before English control (1882) had 4817 schools: McCoan, chap. x.- (4) In revenue.- (x) Before England got control of Egypt's finances she owned a large part of Suez Canal, from which she derived a revenue to pay off the national debt: Ibid.- (b) The good of civilization did not demand it.- (1) Mehemet Ali had made travel safe and made Egypt a responsible nation: Pol. Sci. Quar. as above.- (2) Ismail, the successor of Mehemet Ali, had expended more than 46,000,000 pounds sterling upon public utilities: Ibid.- (3) Foreign nations were being consulted in regard to finances and the other matters of policy: Ibid.-(4) Foreign method and ways were being introduced: McCoan, p. 278.- (x) Courts were established in 1876 by Nubar Pasha, which still remain the chief judicial system in Egypt: Quarterly Review, Encyclo. Brit.- (c) The neutrality of the Suez Canal does not require it.

III. English occupation has not been a success because it has done much more harm than good-(a) England allowed Egypt to lose the Soudan.- (x) In 1884, England forbade the Khedive to recover Soudan, and caused the death of General Gordon: Quar. Rev., p. 264, (1895).- (b) Public debt has been increased from 475,000,000 to 508,965,299 dollars.- (c) There has been great financial corruption under British rule: J. S. Keay, M. P.- (c) Financial progress is rendered difficult.- (x) The finance department of Egypt is guarded by six European governments. and treaty privileges exist with fourteen powers not in harmony with each other.- (d) Sanitary condition of country worse: Am. Cyclo., 1890.- (e) Crime has increased under British rule: Ibid.- (f) Only one half is now spent per annum for education as was spent by Ismail: Pol. Sci. Quar., I, 332.- (g) England has seized upon the 176,000 shares which Egypt owned in the Suez Canal and has deprived the country of its revenue: Quar. Rev. as above.- (h) If it be said that the present condition of Egypt is more prosperous than ever, we answer that the foundations of well being were laid by France, not by England-(a) England failed to help the making of the foundations of the present prosperity in Egypt.- () The canal.- (2) The Burrage.- (3) The beginnings of just government.- (4) Equal justice.- (5) National education.- (6) Commerce.- (7) Manufactures: Quar. Rev., p. 286, (1895).- (i) England has failed utterly to teach the Egyptians the art of self-government.- (x) They have failed so to manage the affairs of Egypt that the Egyptians might recognise and appreciate the advantages of a civilized form of government: Fort. Rev., p. 510, (Apr., 1895).

IV. English occupation cannot be a success.- (a) Government must be despotic except as changed by gradual growth; for (x) it has been despotic for thousands of years: Fort. Rev. 63, as above.- (b) English and Egyptians can never harmonize: Fort. Rev. p. 897 (June, 1884).- (c) It has for its object England's self-interest.- (d) French is the official and judicial language, and sympathies are all French: Contemp. Rev. 67, 390 (March '95).- (1) England has failed utterly to introduce the English language, and has thus failed to gain control over the native population.- (e) Egyptians despise the English: Fort. Rev. 63, 511.- (1) Because their policy is weak and vacillating: Ibid.