The educational system of France is entirely under the control of the general government. National support and minute classification are the chief characteristics of the system. The teachers are trained in government colleges and are paid fixed salaries. The schools are divided into three grades - primary, intermediate and collegiate. The baccalaureate degree is usually reached at the age of eighteen, and then follows special instruction for any profession. The daily routine is prescribed by the government and the students are always under the supervision of the instructors. In Germany every child is compelled by law to be instructed by some one appointed and certified by the government. A primary school is established in each parish, in which the instruction is of the most elementary character. Next comes the realschule for commercial, and the gymnasium for more classical education. Certain lines of employment are restricted to those who pass the final examinations in these schools. Probably the most perfect public educational system in the world is in Switzerland. A third of the whole taxation revenue is devoted to the schools, besides the fee paid for each child. There is a primary school in every commune; attendance is compulsory. Above these schools there is an ascending series of higher schools up to the schools of industry, leading to the Polytechnic School and to the universities.