The turbulent politics of race, class and authority which swelled around the Vietnam War ripped through the Harvard and Radcliffe campuses during the 1969-70 school year, affecting relations among students, faculty and administrators.

It was the year of the Peace March in Washington, the Kent State and Jackson State murders, and the invasion of Cambodia.

Spring classes were graded pass-fail in order to allow students more time for protesting. President Nathan Marsh Pusey '28 was crucified by the campus press for his apolitical stance in the fall.

And the Square, the Yard and the football stadium were filled with chanting, striking students, frustrated with the war and frenzied for change.

"We were very hopeful. I think that's the difference between then and now," says Deborah A. Frank '70.

"We really thought we could bring in a new society. Changes were happening so fast, and we assumed things would just keep changing. You know, 'if you want to end wars and stuff, you got to sing real loud," she continues, quoting icon singer Arlo Guthrie.

But for many students, the hope of the late '60s and early '70s was accompanied by consternation and fear, says Professor of the History of Science Everett I. Mendelsohn, then a prominent anti-war activist.

"By '69-'70, the wrongness of the war became fairly widely acknowledged, and yet it went on. The government kept doing foolish things," he says. "It created a sense among students and faculty that the powers of sanity and thoughtful appraisal had left the government."

Harvard and the Government

Students were not the only ones struggling for change at Harvard. The Nixon administration, anxious to suppress student uprisings, passed a series of bills designed to stop the flow of aid to campuses with a history of radical activities. Harvard, with its recent history of political demonstration, was one target.

Congressional education funding and Defense Department research grants were debated both in Congress and at Harvard. Conservatives and radicals both favored yanking government spending from colleges--for very different reasons.

The Mansfield Amendment, sponsored by anti-war activists in Congress hoping to lessen the Defense Department's influence on universities, cut off all funds granted by the Defense Department to colleges unless they had a direct bearing on the war in Vietnam.

"War Hawks" like John Stennis and GeneralWestmoreland were also busy--they proposed cuttingoff funds to all colleges at which "there is asubstantial disruption of the administrations, orwhere professors or officials are prevented frompursuing their studies or duties."

In the spring of 1969, Harvard was seen by manypoliticians in Washington as a "substantiallydisrupted" campus--and rightfully so. Whenstudents returned to classes in the fall, theyfound their school as polarized as ever.

On September 25, Shannon Hall, the location ofthe Center for International Affairs (CFIA),suffered a violent bomb attack by theWeathermen--a radical splinter of SDS. Theexplosion caused physical damage to the buildingand ignited fear around campus.

The CFIA, a center for faculty research oneconomic development, arms control and studies ofunderdeveloped countries, was primarily funded bythe conservative Ford Foundation.